
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.33, sd = 0.6)}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.06, sd = 0.12)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                                & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity            & 0.110$^{***}$ &               & 0.098$^{***}$ & 0.020$^{***}$ &               & 0.017$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.028)       &               & (0.029)       & (0.006)       &               & (0.006)\\   
   Years of schooling diversity &               & 0.059$^{***}$ & 0.030$^{**}$  &               & 0.011$^{***}$ & 0.006$^{**}$\\   
                                &               & (0.015)       & (0.013)       &               & (0.003)       & (0.003)\\   
   Population                   & 0.167$^{***}$ & 0.209$^{***}$ & 0.167$^{***}$ & 0.030$^{***}$ & 0.038$^{***}$ & 0.030$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.018)       & (0.022)       & (0.018)       & (0.003)       & (0.004)       & (0.003)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.036         &               & 0.023         & 0.007         &               & 0.004\\   
                                & (0.025)       &               & (0.026)       & (0.005)       &               & (0.005)\\   
   Years of schooling diversity &               & 0.046$^{***}$ & 0.041$^{***}$ &               & 0.009$^{***}$ & 0.008$^{***}$\\   
                                &               & (0.013)       & (0.012)       &               & (0.003)       & (0.003)\\   
   Predicted population         & 0.236$^{***}$ & 0.253$^{***}$ & 0.237$^{***}$ & 0.042$^{***}$ & 0.046$^{***}$ & 0.043$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.035)       & (0.031)       & (0.035)       & (0.006)       & (0.005)       & (0.006)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.093$^{***}$ &               & 0.083$^{**}$  & 0.017$^{***}$ &               & 0.015$^{**}$\\   
                                         & (0.032)       &               & (0.034)       & (0.006)       &               & (0.007)\\   
   Years of schooling diversity          &               & 0.050$^{***}$ & 0.028$^{**}$  &               & 0.009$^{***}$ & 0.005$^{*}$\\   
                                         &               & (0.014)       & (0.013)       &               & (0.003)       & (0.003)\\   
   Population                            & 0.199$^{***}$ & 0.245$^{***}$ & 0.199$^{***}$ & 0.036$^{***}$ & 0.044$^{***}$ & 0.036$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.026)       & (0.028)       & (0.026)       & (0.005)       & (0.005)       & (0.005)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 1146; 703     & 937           & 947; 691      & 1146; 703     & 937           & 947; 691\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.763$^{***}$ &  & 0.736$^{***}$ & -0.180$^{***}$ &               & -0.190$^{***}$ \\
                                & (0.025)       &  & (0.028)       & (0.030)        &               & (0.032)        \\
   Years of schooling diversity &               &  & 0.082$^{***}$ &                & -0.015        & 0.029          \\
                                &               &  & (0.020)       &                & (0.022)       & (0.021)        \\
   Predicted population         & 0.033         &  & 0.035$^{*}$   & 1.172$^{***}$  & 1.036$^{***}$ & 1.173$^{***}$  \\
                                & (0.020)       &  & (0.020)       & (0.044)        & (0.034)       & (0.044)        \\
    \\
   State fixed effects          & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                 & 2,748         & 2,737         & 2,737         & 2,748         & 2,737         & 2,737\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


